求引言的英文翻譯，引言用英語怎麼説

The difference of income is reasonable and effective allocation of resources, the coordinated development of the large income gap is not conducive to social and economic. According to statistics, China's 10% people hold 90% of total wealth of society in China, increase in social wealth accelerated at the same time, tends to be the concentration of wealth to the hands of a few, which seriously deviated from the purpose of fair and reasonable income distribution. If the income gap is widening, likely to cause public discontent, and even serious conflict broke out. The personal income level control in the reasonable scope is the premise to solve the unequal distribution of income. There is close relationship of income gap and income distribution mechanism, the present income distribution mechanism has changed and people expect different changes, decided to non market factors in the level of income is more and more important role, especially the role of non market factors hidden around the income distribution mechanism of normal, leading to social wealth inclined to some specific groups, this phenomenon is especially in countries with economies in transition. Gap of income of our country continues to expand, the reason is complex, non market factors is undoubtedly one of the very important reason. Especially in the transition process from planned economy to market economy, changes in non market power returns, the political capital factors have been paid more and more attention, but the definition of political capital has not unified standard. In the course of marketization, the political capital as non market factors affecting income distribution is very important, and the influence mechanism should be more careful and attention. Some scholars believe that, all kinds of non market forces in determining the formation of power in the distribution of income status did not decrease with the process of the market, Li Shuang, Lu Ming, Misaki Sato Hiroshi (2008) the party identity and social network as a non market power in a very important political and social capital, to study the effect of non market forces on personal income return. This paper mainly studies the role of political capital. And in the general literature of political capital that institutional social capital (Szelenyietal, 1989, Lin, 2001), refers to the party, to improve the status, rights regime and ideology, the resources and the deterrence and influence (Bian Yanjie, 2008) in many around the income distribution system of debating society scholars there, cadres or party members were often used as characterization of political capital, political capital for quantitative study of influence on individual income gap (Knight, Yueh 2008; Liu Hewang 2010; Luo Chuliang 2007) some scholars think that the Party member identity as a measure of political capital index is not reliable, because the Party member identity is actually part of the personal ability reflect (Yang Ruilong, Wang Yufeng 2010), not a substitute for political capital, Li Hongbin (Li et al.2005a) proposed the use of twin data, most of the members of a on personal income is actually measured by micro ability and family background caused by. Chen Zhao (2008) pointed out that the lack of studies on Li Hongbin, he believes that to control the observation factors through twin data difference approach also has its limitations, and if Party members on behalf of the main is the ability, so in the process of reform, the ability of Party membership representative should like education in the higher degree market non state owned units to obtain higher returns, but the empirical results show, Party membership rewards in non-state-owned units or more recent years did not significantly improve, the nature of Party members with the ability and political capital. In order to avoid the party members on behalf of political capital controversy, some scholars find alternative political capital from the other hand, Li Ming, Li Huizhong (2010) with an area in the national power structure and network potential to define the area of political capital, by constructing a set of regional political capital index, Xie Lin, Li Kongyue (2012) is that entrepreneurs before redistribution office experience represents his political capital. This paper thinks in the political capital (pcapital) has no uniform standard of measurement, this paper agree with Bertrand etal. (2007) point of view, as long as the company CEO is an elite school graduates, also once in the government, he will have the political capital, can use government resources to serve for the enterprise. 在網頁上打翻譯就行了- -。

原發布者：heweiwei912

引言的寫作技巧學術論文中的引言（Introduction）是對全文內容和結構的總體勾畫。引言儘管不像摘要那樣有一定的篇幅限制和相對固定的格式，但在內容和結構模式上也有需要遵循的規律。本章首先介紹這些規律，然後探討需要掌握的語言技巧。1引言的內容與結構佈局引言的主要任務是向讀者勾勒出全文的基本內容和輪廓。它可以包括以下五項內容中的全部或其中幾項：介紹某研究領域的背景、意義、發展狀況、目前的水平等；對相關領域的文獻進行回顧和綜述，包括前人的研究成果，已經解決的問題，並適當加以評價或比較；（此部分可以單獨成章作為論文第二部分）指出前人尚未解決的問題，留下的技術空白，也可以提出新問題、解決這些新問題的新方法、新思路，從而引出自己研究課題的動機與意義；説明自己研究課題的目的；概括論文的主要內容，或勾勒其大體輪廓。如何合理安排以上這些內容，將它們有條有理地給讀者描繪清楚，並非容易之事。經驗告訴我們，引言其實是全文最難寫的—部分。這是因為作者對有關學科領域的熟悉程度，作者的知識是淵博、還是貧乏，研究的意義何在、價值如何等問題，都在引言的字裏行間得以充分體現。我們可以將引言的內容分為三到四個層次來安排（如圖8.1所示）。第一層由研究背景、意義、發展狀況等內容組成，其中還包括某一研究領域的文獻綜述（此部分可以單獨成章作為論文第二部分）；第二層提出目前尚未解決的問題或急需解決的問題，從而引出自己的研究動機與

前言的英文preface; foreword; introduction 例句與用法1. Jame's prefaces are always important .詹姆斯小説的前言總是重要的。

2. That dictionary has a preface, not a foreword .那部詞典有一篇序文，不是前言。3. Thereupon this phrase in the preamble was depleted .因此，前言中的這一句話就被刪去了。

4. The introduction explains how the chapters are organized .前言部分説明各章的怎樣組織。5. The preface of the book includes an account of the author 's life .該書前言記述了作者生平。

6. I retract .我取消前言。7. In his preface hawthorne seeks to explain the attraction that italy has for the writers of romances .霍桑在前言中試圖闡明意大利對傳奇作家的吸引力。

8. I was touched to find, in the two pages of polite, preliminary acknowledgements of debt, my own name .我深為感動，發現在前言兩頁客氣的感謝中有我的名字。

寫作總體要求：

(1)説明論文的主題、範圍和目的。

(2)説明本研究的起因、背景及相關領域簡要歷史回顧（前人做了哪些工作？哪些尚未解決？目前進展到何種程度？等）。

(3)預期結果或本研究意義。

(4)引言一般不分段，長短視論文內容而定，涉及基礎研究的論文引言較長，臨牀病例分析宜短。

寫作禁忌

1）文不着題，泛泛而談。

2）引文羅列，缺少分析和概括。

注意事項

古代文論中有“鳳頭、豬肚、豹尾”之稱。雖然論文不強調文章開頭象鳳頭那樣俊美、精采、引人入勝，但引言是給讀者的第一印象，對全文有提綱挈領作用，不可等閒視之。