英美概況論文，英美概況的論文怎麼寫

國際商務與跨文化交際（International Business and Cross-cultural Communication）

The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.

Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.

In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.

In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.

Why American Culture is Unique American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically（特性）American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity（多民族） and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.1. Rough EnvironmentThe early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage（遺產） of American2. Ethnic DiversityThe population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP+MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.3. Plural religionThe fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity（基督教） is the dominant religion in American and Protestant （新教）is predominate（主導）. Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religions in American than in other countries.4. Current influence:Nowadays,we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society. American family is typically parents and their unmarried children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. Many Americans live in mobile homes whose homes are built with wheels. They can be moved. The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place. Quite a number of people change residences（住所） every year. The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime. The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic. American democracy means majority rule, but it also means protection of minority rights. There are certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Americans also like to be involved in many challenge activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits. All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.From the facts above, we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated, formed and developed by the main three factors, rough environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now。

國際商務與跨文化交際（International Business and Cross-cultural Communication） The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash. In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.。

Why American Culture is Unique American culture is unique because it is nurtured, formed and developed under certain conditions, which are characteristically（特性）American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity（多民族） and plural religion, which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more, these elements are still influencing the American culture.1. Rough EnvironmentThe early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage（遺產） of American2. Ethnic DiversityThe population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP+MM, that is, White, Anglo Saxon, Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed, a common cultural life with commonly shared values.3. Plural religionThe fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism; almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity（基督教） is the dominant religion in American and Protestant （新教）is predominate（主導）. Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant, many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religions in American than in other countries.4. Current influence:Nowadays,we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society. American family is typically parents and their unmarried children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. Many Americans live in mobile homes whose homes are built with wheels. They can be moved. The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place. Quite a number of people change residences（住所） every year. The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime. The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic. American democracy means majority rule, but it also means protection of minority rights. There are certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Americans also like to be involved in many challenge activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits. All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.From the facts above, we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated, formed and developed by the main three factors, rough environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now。

United States educational advantagesExcellent higher education environmentIn the best universities in the world, 70~80% is a United States University. This figure has fully reflected the United States the leading position in the field of education. United States University is an elite gathering place, be open-minded community and social development engine and catalyst for economic development. United States rely on the most advantageous environment for higher education in the world, attracting talent from around the world to the United States to study and work. Microsoft, Apple and other United States in high-tech enterprises, talents from different countries, most of these elite abroad are excellent educational environment to attract the United States to their United States technological and industrial development to provide a solid talent base.Contribution of private universitiesUnited States higher education thanks to the success of United States private university system's flexibility and efficiency. United States private universities increase private donations Fund support, and has a guiding principle for running a school independently and features of their own. In such institutions, leadership teams are usually made up of experienced educators, have excellent ideas and flexible decision-making mechanism. All that would allow private universities to become United States form the core of higher education.Excellent teaching conditionsUnited States most colleges and uni versities have excellent teaching conditions, brings together numerous outstanding masters. This is largely because, United States the importance attached to education is very high, a professor in the United States is a dream job, income and social status are very high. At the same time, United States educational institutions also impose rigorous teacher evaluation system, objective appraisal of teachers ' qualification by peers. At United States colleges and universities, gain a tenured professorship is a very difficult thing, must be strictly of a peer-review. In addition, the United States colleges and universities stress on education and basic research in the management focus, not to encourage entrepreneurship, business, affecting the quality of teaching.Flexible teaching methodsUnited States teaching methods are also very flexible and straightforward communication of teachers and students to exchange ideas, to learn. Whether it is primary, secondary or University, United States teach。

1、題目：題目應簡潔、明確、有概括性，字數不宜超過20個字（不同院校可能要求不同）。本專科畢業論文一般無需單獨的題目頁，碩博士畢業論文一般需要單獨的題目頁，展示院校、指導教師、答辯時間等信息。英文部分一般需要使用Times NewRoman字體。

2、版權聲明：一般而言，碩士與博士研究生畢業論文內均需在正文前附版權聲明，獨立成頁。個別本科畢業論文也有此項。

3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語言精練、明確，中文摘要約100—200字（不同院校可能要求不同）。

4、關鍵詞：從論文標題或正文中挑選3~5個（不同院校可能要求不同）最能表達主要內容的詞作為關鍵詞。關鍵詞之間需要用分號或逗號分開。

5、目錄：寫出目錄，標明頁碼。正文各一級二級標題（根據實際情況，也可以標註更低級標題）、參考文獻、附錄、致謝等。

6、正文：專科畢業論文正文字數一般應在3000字以上，本科文學學士畢業論文通常要求8000字以上，碩士論文可能要求在3萬字以上（不同院校可能要求不同）。

畢業論文正文：包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。

前言（引言）是論文的開頭部分，主要説明論文寫作的目的、現實意義、對所研究問題的認識，並提出論文的中心論點等。前言要寫得簡明扼要，篇幅不要太長。

本論是畢業論文的主體，包括研究內容與方法、實驗材料、實驗結果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運用各方面的研究方法和實驗結果，分析問題，論證觀點，儘量反映出自己的科研能力和學術水平。

結論是畢業論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結束語。其基本的要點就是總結全文，加深題意。

7、致謝：簡述自己通過做畢業論文的體會，並應對指導教師和協助完成論文的有關人員表示謝意。

8、參考文獻：在畢業論文末尾要列出在論文中參考過的所有專著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻可以按文中參考或引證的先後順序排列，也可以按照音序排列（正文中則採用相應的哈佛式參考文獻標註而不出現序號）。

9、註釋：在論文寫作過程中，有些問題需要在正文之外加以闡述和説明。

10、附錄：對於一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價值的內容，可編入附錄中。有時也常將個人簡介附於文後。